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Chapter 1 . Introduction & Background

Charles Babbage (1791-1871):
Creator of the Analytical Engine - the first general-purpose digital computer (1833)
The Analytical Engine was not built until 1943 (in the form of the Harvard Mark I)

A lesson that we all can learn from Babbage’s Life
Charles Babbage had huge difficulties raising money to fund his research. As a last resort, he designed a clever mathematical scheme along with Ada, the Countess of Lovelace. It was designed to increase their odds while gambling. They bet money on horse races
to raise enough money to support their research experiments Guess what happened at the end? The lost every penny that they had.

Harvard Mark 1 – 1943:
Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard
University. The MARK series of computers began with the Mark I in 1944. Imagine a
giant roomful of noisy, clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and 8 feet high. The 5-ton
device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the US Navy for gunnery and
ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959.

Transistor – 1947
The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William
Shockley. This was perhaps the most important electronics event of the 20th century, as
it later made possible the integrated circuit and microprocessor that are the basis of
modern electronics.

Cray 1 – 1 976
It looked like no other computer before, or for that matter, since. The Cray 1 was the
world's first "supercomputer," a machine that leapfrogged existing technology when it
was introduced in 1971.
And back then, you couldn't just order up fast processors from Intel. "There weren't any
microprocessors," says Gwen Bell of The Computer Museum History Center. "These
individual integrated circuits that are on the board performed different functions."

IBM PC – 1981
On August 12, 1981, IBM released their new computer, re-named the IBM PC. The
"PC" stood for "personal computer" making IBM responsible for popularizing the term
"PC".

Apple Macintosh – 1984
Apple introduced the Macintosh to the nation on January 22, 1984. The original
Macintosh had 128 kilobytes of RAM, although this first model was simply called
"Macintosh" until the 512K model came out in September 1984. The Macintosh retailed
for $2495.

Today’s Goal:

• Find something from the computer history that is not in this lecture
• Note down your favorite thing about the computer history